Describe

The apple is commonly grafting, seldom use directly. Apple's growth process must go through four phases:

1. flowering .

2, physiological fruit drop period.

3, fruit enlargement period .

4, the mature period . Topography is the indirect environmental factors influencing the growth of apple. It is by changing such as light, temperature, water, heat distribution on the ground, which affects the apple growth, yield formation and quality changes.

1, soil management . The general requirements of all round the active layer of the soil reached more than 80 centimeter , with loam soil best. When building circle planting distance within 2.5 meters of furrowing soil preparation. To the commune , year by year or a commune. Clay to mixed sand, sand mixing clay, try our best to achieve loam. The commune in the autumn the best time after watering .

2, flower bud and flower buds. Apple flower bud differentiation, most are from start to finish before winter in early June, the whole process is divided into physiological, morphological differentiation and sex cells mature three times. Flower bud bud to mix , inflorescence an umbrella room cyme. Every flower inflorescence 5 -- 8, more than 5 flowers, center first open flower, flower after open, to center the best quality of a flower, fruit, results, scanty flowers should be left center flower and fruit thinning, more thin and flowers and fruit. Fruit from flower buds appear to fruit harvest, generally speaking, there are four out of fruit. For the first time in the final flowering, pedicel with flowers die and fall off, often referred to as the fallen petal. The second time around one week after the fallen petal, ovary slightly increased , sustainable 5 to 20 days, called early fruit drop. The third time in 7-14 days after the second fruit drop, fruit has reached a large thumbnail, the larger influence on yields, known as the physiological fruit drop, the fourth time in front of the fruit harvest, fall in or close to mature fruit, therefore calls pick fruit before.

3, the fruit.

Fruit volume enlargement, before mid to mature faster, slower, early and late mature fruit weight to one month before the fastest growing. The length of fruit maturation , general early maturity varieties for the 65-65 days, ripe for varieties in 90-90 days, late varieties for 137-168 days.

4, the orchard soil water management . Should be given priority to with farmyard manure fertilizer, especially basal, farmyard manure seems a result tree for jin jin fat, young trees should be 30 ~ 50 kg of a piece of each year. Fertilizers should be formula fertilization, reversing the habit of fertilization of nitrogen fertilizer, nitrogen, and farmyard manure, fruit trees partial nitrogen, rot disease of apple trees, ring spot serious occurrence and prosperous long and difficult to flowering, do low fruit rate, fruit quality, taste light, the color is not good. The fertilizer rate for the whole year for: 100 kilogram apple to producyion 3 kilograms, with p and k at the same time, the proportion of NPK as: 2:1:2 (apples, red fruits, pear are so), peach is 3:1:3. Farmyard manure to autumn best, combined with the commune of autumn early winter. Twice topdressing fertilizer easy points, watering the flowers water after a while, before June flower bud differentiation, topdressing time, June under phosphorus fertilization should be more. Generally watered four times a year, at least to water the good frozen water and water flowers before . Watering method should be small beds, a strip a strip of water, change the old habits channeling trees watered

5, trimming.

(1) of sapling stage plastic clip. A annuals . Stem height 80 , centimeter 40 ~ 60 centimeter high . Tree height less than space , more than half of the row spacing. Major branch 10 ~ 15, three-dimensional Angle of 80 degrees or so, the main branches no collateral, direct branches group, a central level. Improved spindle, base of manage to make do on a few boughs was born a few larger groups, called collateral. Ipsilateral main branch spacing greater than 50 centimeters . Auxiliary branch solid Angle is greater than 90 degrees. B. biennial tree pruning . Dry full bud in short section, center around 50 cm long. Hydrophobic divided by two buds. The rest of the branch. A DongJian annual two scissors (a dozen insect pointed, remove the curved part of). C. three or four years living tree according to the processing, can be formed, and the large amount of branches, forming fast, early flowering, easy result. Young trees plastic phase center is formed early increase the amount of branches and leaves.

(2) the result tree pruning. Results after the task is to adjust the volume and crown projection area, control the tree height and tree body continues to expand, adjust the fruit and the ratio of vegetative branches, to keep the tree body, good ventilation pervious to light, many results bear good fruit.

6, apple, integrated pest management

More than 1, spring and summer rain, severe, the apple diseases and insect pests occurrence of poor management and even failures, diseases and pests prevention and control is critical, especially in diseases. Young fruit period apple special resistance to infection, but after the infection incidence is no latency, ring spot the incubation period of 80 ~ 80 days, anthracnose 40 ~ 65 days. Apple disease control is the key to implement control scheme of Bordeaux mixture as Bordeaux mixture from invention to now has more than 100 years, prevention is still the main drugs now, its advantage is: low price; Not is false; Won't produce resistance; Resistant because of not so now it is still the other pesticide is the main medicine, also is the best medicine.

7, picking method:

(1) use eyes to watch the apple surroundings. Look around any branch or dry stubble, picking to avoid dry stubble, branch or pointed buds.

(2) pick fruit will apple under light helps tilt in the opposite direction, can take off. Such as improper method, will be very trouble, and often the fruit dropped the drag.

(3) when picking fruit if you have big scar, can quickly picked, need not too careful.

(4) picked the high-quality fruit in a basket, pay attention to the "fruit" unified down or up, empty and fork.

(5) high quality fruit, put apple in the basket shoulds not be too full, otherwise will be crushed, slightly bruised can create soft wound, unfavorable storage, high-quality fruit will become CiGuo.

8, the apple storage. Common containers are cylinder, cans, altar, carton, wooden case, these containers are available to store the apple. Cylinder, cans, it must be used in the dry, clean and white wine inunction tank, tank, the altar wall, also can put half a bottle of white wine in it (the dosage can be based on what reserves), open the bottle. Apple picking out first in the shade to put a few days, and then layered is put in the cylinder, or the altar. Installed on spraying liquor, according to still can be sprayed with 50-150 grams, cover it with cotton wool to cast a layer of plastic sheeting seal, preventing alcohol on sending out, when eating apple with lid, can generally be stored for more than six months.

Used for storage of apple box clean tasteless, and around the bottom two layers of paper, each apple also wrapped in soft white paper, neatly placed in the box. Box optimum main within 0-2 degree environment temperature, check once every other month, individual rotten fruit to keep clear of in time.

Nutritional value,

Each hectogram apple contain fructose 6.5 ~ 11.2 grams, 2.5 ~ 3.5 grams of glucose, sucrose, 1.0 ~ 5.2 gram. Also contains trace elements zinc, calcium, phosphorus, iron, potassium and vitamin B1, vitamin B2, vitamin C and carotene.

Apple is not only rich in sugar, vitamins and minerals, such as the brain necessary nutrients, and most importantly, rich in zinc element. Zinc is a component part of many important enzymes in the human body, is the key to promote the growth and development. Zinc by enzyme widely participates in the metabolism of protein, fat and sugar. Zinc or composition is closely related to memory the essential elements of nucleic acids and proteins. Zinc deficiency can make the edge of the hippocampus brain cortex dysplasia, affecting memory, zinc and produces antibodies, improve human immunity, etc. There is a close relationship.

Apple has the lower cholesterol levels. French researchers tested concluded that eating an apple can reduce blood cholesterol levels, increase bile secretion and function of bile acid, thus can avoid precipitation formation of gallstones in biliary cholesterol. Apple also has the dual role of purge and antidiarrheal, because apple contains cellulose inside the large intestine can make waste become soft; Apples are rich in organic acids, can stimulate peristalsis, make defecate unobstructed. On the other hand, apples contain pectin, and inhibit the intestinal peristalsis, unusual make digestive activity slows, thus inhibiting mild diarrhea.

Apples contain more potassium, can combine with the body of excess sodium, make it out of the body. When the human body takes in too much salt, eat some apples, is advantageous to the balance of electrolytes in the body. The apple contains the elements such as phosphorus and iron, easy to be absorbed by the intestinal wall, nourishing blood and ningxia for brain god sleeping function. The aroma of apple is the best cure for depression and depressive feeling.

Apple has the lower cholesterol levels. French researchers tested concluded that eating an apple can reduce blood cholesterol levels, increase bile secretion and function of bile acid, thus can avoid precipitation formation of gallstones in biliary cholesterol. Someone found that among those who often eat apples, there are more than 50% of the people, the cholesterol content is 10% lower than the people who do not eat the apple.

Apple also has the dual role of purge and antidiarrheal, because apple contains cellulose inside the large intestine can make waste become soft; Apples are rich in organic acids, can stimulate peristalsis, make defecate unobstructed. On the other hand, apples contain pectin, and inhibit the intestinal peristalsis, unusual make digestive activity slows, thus inhibiting mild diarrhea